Adsorption of Carotene from Crude Palm Oil by Activated Achalla Clay

High costs of imported bleaching earths have led to the need for alternative local sources. The effectiveness acid-activated Achalla clay in crude palm oil was examined. sample collected, sun-dried, manually ground, and activated with hydrochloric acid solution. Characterization raw samples carried out using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. factors that were varied during process temperature, contact time, adsorbent dosage. adsorption kinetics, isotherm, thermodynamics studies also investigated. XRF, SEM, FTIR characterization results showed clays kaolinites some significant increase number microporous surfaces changes functional groups. indicated performance improved at higher temperatures. highest efficiency 85.6%. pseudo-first-order model described from experimental data correlation coefficients than pseudo-second-order, first-order, Intra-particle diffusion models. equilibrium isotherm better by Temkin Langmuir Freundlich models due R2 values. enthalpy entropy values determined be 26,968.12 J/mol 78.2273 respectively. Gibb’s free energy found vary between -1.428.39 1,700.70 J/mol. thermodynamic parameters it a spontaneous chemical endothermic. This study has revealed can used